JavaScript Tutorial

This JavaScript tutorial is crafted for beginners to introduce them to the basics and advanced concepts of JavaScript. By the end of this guide, you'll reach a proficiency level that sets the stage for further growth. Aimed at empowering you to progress towards becoming a world-class software developer, this tutorial paves the way for a successful career in web development and beyond.

Classes
JavaScript Classes
The JavaScript classes are a blueprint or template for object creation. They encapsulate the data and functions to manipulate that data. We can create the object using classes. Creating an object from a class is referred to as instantiating the class. In JavaScript, the classes are built on prototypes. The classes are introduced to JavaScript in ECMAScript 6 (ES6) in 2009.
For example, you can think about writing code to represent the car entity. A code can contain the class having car properties. For different cars, you can create an instance of the class and initialize the car properties according to the car model.
Before ES6, the constructor function was used to define a blueprint of the object. You can define the constructor function as shown below.
function Car(brand) { // Constructor function
	this.brand = brand; // property initialization
}
const carObj = new Car("Audi"); // Creating an object
Defining JavaScript Classes
The syntax of the class is very similar to the constructor function, but it uses the 'class' keyword to define the class. As we can define a function using function declaration or function expression, the classes are also can be defined using class declaration or class expression.
Syntax
The syntax of class definition in JavaScript is as follows
// class declaration
class ClassName {
   // Class body
}
//Class expression
const ClassName = class {
   // class body
}
A 'ClassName' is a class name in the above syntax.
A JavaScript class is a function, but you can't use it as a regular function.
Type of JavaScript Classes
A JavaScript class is a type of function. In the example below, we used the 'typeof' operator to get the type of the class. It returns the 'function’, which you can observe in the output.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
	<p id = "output"> The type of the car class is: </p>
	<script>
		class Car {
			// Class body
		}
		document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += typeof Car;
	</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
The type of the car class is: function
The constructor() method
When you use the function as an object blueprint, you can initialize the object properties inside the function body. Similarly, you need to use the constructor() method with the class to initialize the object properties.
Whenever you create an instance of the class, it automatically invokes the constructor() method of the class.
In below example, we use the constructor() method to create a Car class
class Car {
	constructor(brand) {// Defining the constructor
		this.brand = brand;
	}
}
The constructor() method has no specific name but can be created using the 'constructor' keyword. You can initialize the class properties using the 'this' keyword inside the constructor function.
Creating JavaScript Objects
To create an object of a JavaScript class, we use new operator followed by the class name and a pair of parentheses. We can pass thee arguments to it also.
Let's create an object called myCar as follows
const myCar = new Car("Audi");
The this keyword inside the constructor function refers to an object that is executing the current function.
Example: Creating class objects without arguments
In the example below, we have defined the 'Car' class. The class contains the constructor and initializes the properties with default values.
After that, we have created the instance of the class, and you can observe it in the output.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
	<p id = "output"> </p>
	<script>
		// creating Car class
		class Car {
			constructor() {
				this.brand = "BMW";
				this.model = "X5";
				this.year = 2019;
			}
		}
		// instantiate myCar object
		const myCar = new Car();
		// display the properties
		document.getElementById("output").innerHTML = 
      "Car brand is : " + myCar.brand + "<br>"
      +"Car model is : " + myCar.model + "<br>"
      +"Car year is : " + myCar.year + "<br>";
	</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Car brand is : BMW
Car model is : X5
Car year is : 2019
If you want to initialize the class properties dynamically, you can use the parameters with the constructor() method.
Example: Creating class objects with arguments
In the example below, we have defined the 'Car' class. The constructor() method of the class takes 4 parameters and initializes the class properties with parametric values.
While creating the 'Car' class instance, we passed 4 arguments. In this way, you can initialize the class properties dynamically.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
	<p id = "output"> </p>
	<script>
		class Car {
			constructor(brand, model, price, year) {
				this.brand = brand;
				this.model = model;
				this.price = price;
				this.year = year;
			}
		}
		const carObj = new Car("BMW", "X5", 9800000, 2019);
		document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += 
		"Car brand : " + carObj.brand + "<br>"
		+ "Car model : " + carObj.model + "<br>"
		+ "Car price : " + carObj.price + "<br>"
		+ "Car year : " + carObj.year + "<br>"
	</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Car brand : BMW
Car model : X5
Car price : 9800000
Car year : 2019
JavaScript Class Methods
You can also define the methods inside the class, which can be accessed using the class instance.
Syntax
Follow the syntax below to define methods inside the class.
class car {
   methodName(params) {
		// Method body
	}
}
obj.methodName();
In the above syntax, 'methodName' is a dynamic name of the method. To define a class method, you don't need to write any keyword like 'function' before the method name.
To invoke the class method, you need to use the instance of the class. Here, 'obj' is an instance of the class. You can also pass the parameters to the method.
Example
The example below demonstrates how to pass parameters to the class methods.
Here, we have defined the updateprice() method to update the price of the car. So, while invoking the updateprice() method, we pass the new price as an argument and use it inside the method body to update the price.
You can see the original and updated price of the car in the output.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
	<p id = "output"> </p>
	<script>
		class Car {
			constructor(brand, model, price, year) {
				this.brand = brand;
				this.model = model;
				this.price = price;
				this.year = year;
			}
﻿
			updateprice(newPrice) {
			this.price = newPrice;
			}
		}
    
		const myCar = new Car("BMW", "X5", 9800000, 2019);
		document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += 
		"The car price is : " + myCar.price + "<br>";
    
		myCar.updateprice(8800000); // updating price
    
		document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += 
		"After updating the car price is : " + myCar.price + "<br>";
    
	</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
The car price is : 9800000
After updating the car price is : 8800000
JavaScript Class Hoisting
In JavaScript, the declaration of the class is not hoisted at the top of the code. So, you always need to define the class before you use it.
const carObj = new Car(); // This will generate an error.
class Car {
}
You can try to run the above code. It will generate a reference error as the car class is used before its initialization.
Strict Mode with Classes
The strict mode is used to avoid unusual errors. The class code is always in the strict mode by default.
Let's understand it via the example below.
class numbers {
	constructor() {
		num = 90; // Defining variable without var keyword
	}
}
const numObj = new numbers();
In the above code, we define the 'num' global variable in the constructor() method. In the strict mode of JavaScript, it is not allowed to define the variables without using the var, let, or const keywords. So, the above code will throw an error.
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Javascript Basics

JavaScript Operators

JavaScript Control Flow

JavaScript Functions

JavaScript Objects

Object Oriented JavaScript

JavaScript Versions

JavaScript Cookies

JavaScript Browser BOM

JavaScript Web APIs

JavaScript Events

JavaScript Tutorial

Classes

JavaScript Classes

Defining JavaScript Classes

Syntax

Type of JavaScript Classes

Output

The constructor() method

Creating JavaScript Objects

Example: Creating class objects without arguments

Output

Example: Creating class objects with arguments

Output

JavaScript Class Methods

Syntax

Example

Output

JavaScript Class Hoisting

Strict Mode with Classes