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      ECMAScript 2016

      JavaScript Tutorial

      This JavaScript tutorial is crafted for beginners to introduce them to the basics and advanced concepts of JavaScript. By the end of this guide, you'll reach a proficiency level that sets the stage for further growth. Aimed at empowering you to progress towards becoming a world-class software developer, this tutorial paves the way for a successful career in web development and beyond.

      ECMAScript 2016

      The ECMAScript 2016 version of JavaScript was released in 2016. Previously the old versions of JavaScript are named by numbers for example ES5 and ES6. Since 2016 the versions are named by the year they are released for example ECMAScript 2016, ECMAScript 17, etc. Lets discuss the featues added in ECMAScript 2016.

      New Features Added in ECMAScript 2016

      Here are the new methods, features, etc., added to the ECMAScript 2016 version of JavaScript.
      • Array includes() method
      • Exponentiation Operator (**)
      • Exponentiation Assignment Operator (**=)
      Here, we have explained each feature in detail.

      JavaScript Array includes() Method

      The JavaScript array includes() methods is used to check whether the array contains a particular element.

      Syntax

      The syntax of Array includes() method in JavaScript is as follows
      
      arr.include(searchElement, fromIndex);
      Here arr is the original array, the searchElement is to be search from. The fromIndex is an optional argument if passed, the searching will start from the fromIndex index.

      Example

      In the below code, we use the array includes() method to check whether the watches array contains the 'Noise' brand.
      <html>
      <body>
         <div id = "output">Does watches array include Noise?</div>
         <script>
            const watches = ["Titan", "Rolex", "Noise", "Fastrack", "Casio"];
            document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += watches.includes("Noise");
         </script>
      </body>
      </html>

      Output

      Does watches array include Noise? true

      Example

      In the below code, we use the array includes() method to check whether the subjects array contains the 'Python' subject searching from index 1.
      <html>
      <body>
         <div id = "output">Does subjects array include Python fromIndex 1? </div>
         <script>
            const subjects = ["Java", "JavaScript", "Python", "C", "C++"];
            document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += subjects.includes("Python", 1);
         </script>
      </body>
      </html>

      Output

      Does subjects array include Python fromIndex 1? true

      JavaScript Exponentiation Operator

      The JavaScript exponentiation operator is used to find the power of the first operand raised to the second operand.

      Syntax

      The syntax of expponentiation operator is as follow
      x ** y;
      It returns the result of raising the first operand (x) to the power of the second operand (y).

      Example

      In the below code, we find the 22 using the exponentiation operator and store the resultant value in the 'res' variable.
      <html>
      <body>
         <div id = "output">The resultant value for 2 ** 2 is: </div>
         <script>
            document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += 2 ** 2;
         </script>
      </body>
      </html>

      Output

      The resultant value for 2 ** 2 is: 4

      Exponentiation Assignment Operator

      The JavaScript exponentiation assignment operator raises the power of the first operand by the second operand and assigns it to the first operand.

      Syntax

      The syntax of exponentiation assignment operator is as follows
      x **= y;
      It assigns the result of raising the first operand (x) to the power of the second operand (y) to x.

      Example

      In the below code, we find the 102 and assign the resultant value to the 'num' variable using the exponentiation assignment operator.
      <html>
      <body>
         <div id = "output">The resultant value for 10 ** 2 is: </div>
         <script>
            let num = 10;
            num **= 2; // exponentiation assignment operation
            document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += num;
          </script>
      </body>
      </html>

      Output

      The resultant value for 10 ** 2 is: 100

      ECMAScript 2016 Browser Support

      Most modern browsers support the ECMAScript 2016 version of JavaScript
      Chrome
      Firefox
      Microsoft Edge
      Opera
      Safari
      Firefox Android
      Yes
      Yes
      Yes
      Yes
      Yes
      Yes