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      OverviewHistoryFeaturesJava 8 - New Featuresvs C++Virtual Machine(JVM)JDK vs JRE vs JVMHello World ProgramEnvironment SetupBasic SyntaxVariable TypesData TypesType CastingUnicode SystemBasic OperatorsCommentsStreamsNew Date-Time API

      Loop ControlDecision Makingif-else Statementswitch statementfor loopfor each Loopwhile Loopdo...while Loopbreak Statementcontinue Statement

      OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming) ConceptsObject and ClassesClass AttributesClass MethodsMethodsVariable ScopesConstructorsAccess ModifiersInheritanceAggregationPolymorphismOverridingMethod OverloadingDynamic BindingStatic BindingInstance Initializer BlockAbstractionEncapsulationInterfacesPackagesInner classesStatic ClassesAnonymous ClassesSingleton ClassWrapper ClassesEnum Class

      Number ClassBoolean classCharacter ClassArraysMath Class

      File ClassCreating FilesWrite To FilesReading FileDelete FilesDirectory OperationsFiles and I/O

      ExceptionsTry Catch BlockTry with ResourcesMultiple Catch BlocksNested Try BlockFinally BlockThrows and Throw | Throw an ExceptionException PropagationBuilt-in ExceptionsCustom Exception

      MultithreadingThread Life CycleCreating a ThreadStarting a ThreadJoining ThreadsNaming a Thread with ExamplesScheduling Threads with ExamplesThread PoolsMain ThreadThread PriorityDaemon ThreadThreadGroup ClassJVM Shutdown Hook

      Thread SynchronizationBlock SynchronizationStatic SynchronizationInter Thread CommunicationThread DeadlockInterrupting ThreadThread ControlReentrant Monitor

      NetworkingSocket ProgrammingURL ProcessingURL ClassURLConnection ClassHttpURLConnection ClassSocket Class with ExamplesGenerics

      Collections FrameworkCollection Interface

      List InterfaceArrayList Class

      Queue InterfaceArrayDeque Class

      Map InterfaceSortedMap Interface

      Set InterfaceSortedSet Interface

      Data Structures Enumeration Interface BitSet Class

      How to Use Iterator?How to Use Comparator?How to Use Comparable?

      RecursionRegular ExpressionsSerializationString ClassJava Arrays - Class

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      Java Tutorial

      This Java tutorial is tailored for newcomers, offering a journey from basic principles to complex Java programming techniques. Completing this tutorial equips you with a solid understanding of Java, preparing you for advanced learning. You'll emerge ready to tackle the challenges of becoming a top-tier software engineer, with the skills to innovate and excel in the vast world of software development.

      History

      History of Java

      Java programming language was originally developed by Sun Microsystems which was initiated by James Gosling and released in 1995 as core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform (Java 1.0 [J2SE]). History of even naming of the Java is very interesting. It went under many names.

      Java Name History

      GreenTalk

      James Gosling was leading a team named as 'Green' team. Target of this team was to create a new project which can. Initially C++ was the original choice to develop the project. James Gosling wanted to enhance C++ to achieve the target but due to high memory usage, that idea was rejected and team started with a new language initially named as GreenTalk. The file extension used as .gt. Later this language was termed as Oak and finally to Java.

      Oak

      James Gosling renamed language to Oak. There was an Oak tree in front of his office. James Gosling used this name as Oak represents solidarity and Oak tree is the national tree of multiple countries like USA, France, Romania etc. But Oak technologies already had Oak as a trademark and James team had to brainstrom another title for the language.

      Finally Java

      Team put multiple names like DNA, Silk, Ruby and Java. Java was finalized by the team. James Gosling tabled Java title based on type of espresso coffee bean. Java is an island in Indonesia where new coffee was discovered termed as Java coffee. As per James Gosling, Java was among the top choice along with Silk. Finally Java was selected as it was quite unique and represented the essence of being dynamic,revolutionary and fun to say.
      Sun released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995. It promised Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms.
      On 13 November, 2006, Sun released much of Java as free and open source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
      On 8 May, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of Java's core code free and open-source, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.
      The latest release of the Java Standard Edition is Java SE 21. With the advancement of Java and its widespread popularity, multiple configurations were built to suit various types of platforms. For example: J2EE for Enterprise Applications, J2ME for Mobile Applications.

      Java Versions History

      Over the period of nearly 30 years, Java has seen many minor and major versions. Following is a brief explaination of versions of java till date.
      Sr.No.
      Version
      Date
      Description
      1
      JDK Beta
      1995
      Initial Draft version
      2
      JDK 1.0
      23 Jan 1996
      A stable variant JDK 1.0.2 was termed as JDK 1
      3
      JDK 1.1
      19 Feb 1997
      Major features like JavaBeans, RMI, JDBC, inner classes were added in this release.
      4
      JDK 1.2
      8 Dec 1998
      Swing, JIT Compiler, Java Modules, Collections were introduced to JAVA and this release was a great success.
      5
      JDK 1.3
      8 May 2000
      HotSpot JVM, JNDI, JPDA, JavaSound and support for Synthetic proxy classes were added.
      6
      JDK 1.4
      6 Feb 2002
      Image I/O API to create/read JPEG/PNG image were added. Integrated XML parser and XSLT processor (JAXP) and Preferences API were other important updates.
      7
      JDK 1.5 or J2SE 5
      30 Sep 2004
      Various new features were added to the language like foreach, var-args, generics etc.
      8
      JAVA SE 6
      11 Dec 2006
      1. notation was dropped to SE and upgrades done to JAXB 2.0, JSR 269 support and JDBC 4.0 support added.
      9
      JAVA SE 7
      7 Jul 2011
      Support for dynamic languages added to JVM. Another enhancements included string in switch case, compressed 64 bit pointers etc.
      10
      JAVA SE 8
      18 Mar 2014
      Support for functional programming added. Lambda expressions,streams, default methods, new date-time APIs introduced.
      11
      JAVA SE 9
      21 Sep 2017
      Module system introduced which can be applied to JVM platform.
      12
      JAVA SE 10
      20 Mar 2018
      Unicode language-tag extensions added. Root certificates, threadlocal handshakes, support for heap allocation on alternate memory devices etc were introduced.
      13
      JAVA SE 11
      5 Sep 2018
      Dynamic class-file constants,Epsilon a no-op garbage collector, local-variable support in lambda parameters, Low-overhead heap profiling support added.
      14
      JAVA SE 12
      19 Mar 2019
      Experimental Garbage Collector,Shenandoah: A Low-Pause-Time Garbage Collector, Microbenchmark Suite, JVM Constants API added.
      15
      JAVA SE 13
      17 Sep 2019
      Feature added - Text Blocks (Multiline strings), Enhanced Thread-local handshakes.
      16
      JAVA SE 14
      17 Mar 2020
      Feature added - Records, a new class type for modelling, Pattern Matching for instanceof, Intuitive NullPointerException handling.
      17
      JAVA SE 15
      15 Sep 2020
      Feature added - Sealed Classes, Hidden Classes, Foreign Function and Memory API (Incubator).
      18
      JAVA SE 16
      16 Mar 2021
      Feature added as preview - Records, Pattern Matching for switch, Unix Domain Socket Channel (Incubator) etc.
      19
      JAVA SE 17
      14 Sep 2021
      Feature added as finalized - Sealed Classes, Pattern Matching for instanceof, Strong encapsulation of JDK internals by default. New macOS rendering pipeline etc.
      20
      JAVA SE 18
      22 Mar 2022
      Feature added - UTF-8 by Default, Code Snippets in Java API Documentation, Vector API (Third incubator), Foreign Function, Memory API (Second Incubator) etc.
      21
      JAVA SE 19
      20 Sep 2022
      Feature added - Record pattern, Vector API (Fourth incubator), Structured Concurrency (Incubator) etc.
      22
      JAVA SE 20
      21 Mar 2023
      Feature added - Scoped Values (Incubator), Record Patterns (Second Preview), Pattern Matching for switch (Fourth Preview),Foreign Function & Memory API (Second Preview) etc.
      22
      JAVA SE 21
      19 Sep 2023
      Feature added - String Templates (Preview), Sequenced Collections, Generational ZGC, Record Patterns, Pattern Matching for switch etc.