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      Basic Operators

      Java Tutorial

      This Java tutorial is tailored for newcomers, offering a journey from basic principles to complex Java programming techniques. Completing this tutorial equips you with a solid understanding of Java, preparing you for advanced learning. You'll emerge ready to tackle the challenges of becoming a top-tier software engineer, with the skills to innovate and excel in the vast world of software development.

      Basic Operators

      Java provides a rich set of operators to manipulate variables. We can divide all the Java operators into the following groups
      • Arithmetic Operators
      • Relational Operators
      • Bitwise Operators
      • Logical Operators
      • Assignment Operators
      • Misc Operators

      The Arithmetic Operators

      Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical expressions in the same way that they are used in algebra. The following table lists the arithmetic operators
      Assume integer variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then
      Show Examples
      Operator
      Description
      Example
      + (Addition)
      Adds values on either side of the operator.
      A + B will give 30
      - (Subtraction)
      Subtracts right-hand operand from left-hand operand.
      A - B will give -10
      * (Multiplication)
      Multiplies values on either side of the operator.
      A * B will give 200
      / (Division)
      Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand.
      B / A will give 2
      % (Modulus)
      Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand and returns remainder.
      B % A will give 0
      ++ (Increment)
      Increases the value of operand by 1.
      B++ gives 21
      -- (Decrement)
      Decreases the value of operand by 1.
      B-- gives 19

      The Relational Operators

      There are following relational operators supported by Java language.
      Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then
      Show Examples
      Operator
      Description
      Example
      == (equal to)
      Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.
      (A == B) is not true.
      != (not equal to)
      Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.
      (A != B) is true.
      > (greater than)
      Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
      (A > B) is not true.
      < (less than)
      Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
      (A < B) is true.
      >= (greater than or equal to)
      Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
      (A >= B) is not true.
      <= (less than or equal to)
      Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
      (A <= B) is true.

      The Bitwise Operators

      Java defines several bitwise operators, which can be applied to the integer types, long, int, short, char, and byte.
      Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. Assume if a = 60 and b = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows 
      a = 0011 1100
      b = 0000 1101
      a&b = 0000 1100
      a|b = 0011 1101
      a^b = 0011 0001
      ~a  = 1100 0011
      The following table lists the bitwise operators
      Assume integer variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13 then
      Show Examples
      Operator
      Description
      Example
      & (bitwise and)
      Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.
      (A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100
      | (bitwise or)
      Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
      (A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101
      ^ (bitwise XOR)
      Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.
      (A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011 0001
      ⁓ (bitwise compliment)
      Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
      (⁓A ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number.
      << (left shift)
      Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
      A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
      >> (right shift)
      Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
      A >> 2 will give 15 which is 1111
      >>> (zero fill right shift)
      Shift right zero fill operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand and shifted values are filled up with zeros.
      A >>>2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111

      The Logical Operators

      The following table lists the logical operators
      Assume Boolean variables A holds true and variable B holds false, then
      Show Examples
      Operator
      Description
      Example
      && (logical and)
      Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
      (A && B) is false
      || (logical or)
      Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
      (A || B) is true
      ! (logical not)
      Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make false.
      !(A && B) is true

      The Assignment Operators

      Following are the assignment operators supported by Java language
      Show Examples
      Operator
      Description
      Example
      =
      Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand.
      C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
      +=
      Add AND assignment operator. It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand.
      C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
      -=
      Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand.
      C -= A is equivalent to C = C − A
      *=
      Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand.
      C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
      /=
      Divide AND assignment operator. It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand.
      C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
      %=
      Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand.
      C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
      <<=
      Left shift AND assignment operator.
      C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
      >>=
      Right shift AND assignment operator.
      C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
      &=
      Bitwise AND assignment operator.
      C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
      ^=
      bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator.
      C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
      |=
      bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator.
      C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2

      Miscellaneous Operators

      There are few other operators supported by Java Language.

      Conditional Operator ( ? : )

      Conditional operator is also known as the ternary operator. This operator consists of three operands and is used to evaluate Boolean expressions. The goal of the operator is to decide, which value should be assigned to the variable. The operator is written as
      variable x = (expression) ? value if true : value if false
      Following is an example

      Example

      In this example, we're creating two variables a and b and using ternary operator we've decided the values of b and printed it.
      public class Test {
      
         public static void main(String args[]) {
            int a, b;
            a = 10;
            b = (a == 1) ? 20: 30;
            System.out.println( "Value of b is : " +  b );
      
            b = (a == 10) ? 20: 30;
            System.out.println( "Value of b is : " + b );
         }
      }
      Output
      Value of b is : 30
      Value of b is : 20

      instanceof Operator

      This operator is used only for object reference variables. The operator checks whether the object is of a particular type (class type or interface type). instanceof operator is written as 
      ( Object reference variable ) instanceof  (class/interface type)
      If the object referred by the variable on the left side of the operator passes the IS-A check for the class/interface type on the right side, then the result will be true. Following is an example

      Example

      In this example, we're creating a String variable name and then using instanceof operator we've checking the name is of String or not.
      public class Test {
      
         public static void main(String args[]) {
      
            String name = "James";
      
            // following will return true since name is type of String
            boolean result = name instanceof String;
            System.out.println( result );
         }
      }

      Output

      true
      This operator will still return true, if the object being compared is the assignment compatible with the type on the right. Following is one more example

      Example

      In this example, we're creating a variable a of class Vehicle and then using instanceof operator we've checking the name is of type Car or not.
      class Vehicle {}
      
      public class Car extends Vehicle {
      
         public static void main(String args[]) {
      
            Vehicle a = new Car();
            boolean result =  a instanceof Car;
            System.out.println( result );
         }
      }

      Output

      true

      Precedence of Java Operators

      Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator
      For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3 * 2 and then adds into 7.
      Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.
      Category
      Operator
      Associativity
      Postfix
      expression++ expression--
      Left to right
      Unary
      ++expression --expression +expression -expression ⁓ !
      Right to left
      Multiplicative
      * / %
      Left to right
      Additive
      + -
      Left to right
      Shift
      << >> >>>
      Left to right
      Relational
      < > <= >= instanceof
      Left to right
      Equality
      == !=
      Left to right
      Bitwise AND
      &
      Left to right
      Bitwise XOR
      ^
      Left to right
      Bitwise OR
      |
      Left to right
      Logical AND
      &&
      Left to right
      Logical OR
      ||
      Left to right
      Conditional
      ?:
      Right to left
      Assignment
      = += -= *= /= %= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=
      Right to left

      What is Next?

      The next chapter will explain about loop control in Java programming. The chapter will describe various types of loops and how these loops can be used in Java program development and for what purposes they are being used.