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      Thread Synchronization

      Java Tutorial

      This Java tutorial is tailored for newcomers, offering a journey from basic principles to complex Java programming techniques. Completing this tutorial equips you with a solid understanding of Java, preparing you for advanced learning. You'll emerge ready to tackle the challenges of becoming a top-tier software engineer, with the skills to innovate and excel in the vast world of software development.

      Thread Synchronization

      Need of Thread Synchronization?

      When we start two or more threads within a program, there may be a situation when multiple threads try to access the same resource and finally they can produce unforeseen result due to concurrency issues. For example, if multiple threads try to write within a same file then they may corrupt the data because one of the threads can override data or while one thread is opening the same file at the same time another thread might be closing the same file.
      So there is a need to synchronize the action of multiple threads and make sure that only one thread can access the resource at a given point in time. This is implemented using a concept called monitors. Each object in Java is associated with a monitor, which a thread can lock or unlock. Only one thread at a time may hold a lock on a monitor.

      Thread Synchronization in Java

      Java programming language provides a very handy way of creating threads and synchronizing their task by using synchronized blocks. You keep shared resources within this block. Following is the general form of the synchronized statement −

      Syntax

      synchronized(objectidentifier) {
         // Access shared variables and other shared resources
      }
      Here, the objectidentifier is a reference to an object whose lock associates with the monitor that the synchronized statement represents. Now we are going to see two examples, where we will print a counter using two different threads. When threads are not synchronized, they print counter value which is not in sequence, but when we print counter by putting inside synchronized() block, then it prints counter very much in sequence for both the threads.

      Multithreading Example without Thread Synchronization

      Here is a simple example which may or may not print counter value in sequence and every time we run it, it produces a different result based on CPU availability to a thread.

      Example

      class PrintDemo {
         public void printCount() {
            try {
               for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--) {
                  System.out.println("Counter   ---   "  + i );
               }
            } catch (Exception e) {
               System.out.println("Thread  interrupted.");
            }
         }
      }
      
      class ThreadDemo extends Thread {
         private Thread t;
         private String threadName;
         PrintDemo  PD;
      
         ThreadDemo( String name,  PrintDemo pd) {
            threadName = name;
            PD = pd;
         }
         
         public void run() {
            PD.printCount();
            System.out.println("Thread " +  threadName + " exiting.");
         }
      
         public void start () {
            System.out.println("Starting " +  threadName );
            if (t == null) {
               t = new Thread (this, threadName);
               t.start ();
            }
         }
      }
      
      public class TestThread {
         public static void main(String args[]) {
      
            PrintDemo PD = new PrintDemo();
      
            ThreadDemo T1 = new ThreadDemo( "Thread - 1 ", PD );
            ThreadDemo T2 = new ThreadDemo( "Thread - 2 ", PD );
      
            T1.start();
            T2.start();
      
            // wait for threads to end
               try {
               T1.join();
               T2.join();
            } catch ( Exception e) {
               System.out.println("Interrupted");
            }
         }
      }
      This produces a different result every time you run this program −

      Output

      Starting Thread - 1
      Starting Thread - 2
      Counter   ---   5
      Counter   ---   4
      Counter   ---   3
      Counter   ---   5
      Counter   ---   2
      Counter   ---   1
      Counter   ---   4
      Thread Thread - 1  exiting.
      Counter   ---   3
      Counter   ---   2
      Counter   ---   1
      Thread Thread - 2  exiting.

      Multithreading Example with Thread Synchronization

      Here is the same example which prints counter value in sequence and every time we run it, it produces the same result.

      Example

      class PrintDemo {
         public void printCount() {
            try {
               for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--) {
                  System.out.println("Counter   ---   "  + i );
               }
            } catch (Exception e) {
               System.out.println("Thread  interrupted.");
            }
         }
      }
      
      class ThreadDemo extends Thread {
         private Thread t;
         private String threadName;
         PrintDemo  PD;
      
         ThreadDemo( String name,  PrintDemo pd) {
            threadName = name;
            PD = pd;
         }
         
         public void run() {
            synchronized(PD) {
               PD.printCount();
            }
            System.out.println("Thread " +  threadName + " exiting.");
         }
      
         public void start () {
            System.out.println("Starting " +  threadName );
            if (t == null) {
               t = new Thread (this, threadName);
               t.start ();
            }
         }
      }
      
      public class TestThread {
      
         public static void main(String args[]) {
            PrintDemo PD = new PrintDemo();
      
            ThreadDemo T1 = new ThreadDemo( "Thread - 1 ", PD );
            ThreadDemo T2 = new ThreadDemo( "Thread - 2 ", PD );
      
            T1.start();
            T2.start();
      
            // wait for threads to end
            try {
               T1.join();
               T2.join();
            } catch ( Exception e) {
               System.out.println("Interrupted");
            }
         }
      }
      This produces the same result every time you run this program −

      Output

      Starting Thread - 1
      Starting Thread - 2
      Counter   ---   5
      Counter   ---   4
      Counter   ---   3
      Counter   ---   2
      Counter   ---   1
      Thread Thread - 1  exiting.
      Counter   ---   5
      Counter   ---   4
      Counter   ---   3
      Counter   ---   2
      Counter   ---   1
      Thread Thread - 2  exiting.