Java Tutorial

This Java tutorial is tailored for newcomers, offering a journey from basic principles to complex Java programming techniques. Completing this tutorial equips you with a solid understanding of Java, preparing you for advanced learning. You'll emerge ready to tackle the challenges of becoming a top-tier software engineer, with the skills to innovate and excel in the vast world of software development.

Streams
Stream is a new abstract layer introduced in Java 8. Using stream, you can process data in a declarative way similar to SQL statements. For example, consider the following SQL statement.
SELECT max(salary), employee_id, employee_name FROM Employee
The above SQL expression automatically returns the maximum salaried employee's details, without doing any computation on the developer's end. Using collections framework in Java, a developer has to use loops and make repeated checks. Another concern is efficiency; as multi-core processors are available at ease, a Java developer has to write parallel code processing that can be pretty error-prone.
To resolve such issues, Java 8 introduced the concept of stream that lets the developer to process data declaratively and leverage multicore architecture without the need to write any specific code for it.
What is Stream in Java?
Stream represents a sequence of objects from a source, which supports aggregate operations. Following are the characteristics of a Stream
Sequence of elements − A stream provides a set of elements of specific type in a sequential manner. A stream gets/computes elements on demand. It never stores the elements.
Source − Stream takes Collections, Arrays, or I/O resources as input source.
Aggregate operations − Stream supports aggregate operations like filter, map, limit, reduce, find, match, and so on.
Pipelining − Most of the stream operations return stream itself so that their result can be pipelined. These operations are called intermediate operations and their function is to take input, process them, and return output to the target. collect() method is a terminal operation which is normally present at the end of the pipelining operation to mark the end of the stream.
Automatic iterations − Stream operations do the iterations internally over the source elements provided, in contrast to Collections where explicit iteration is required.
Generating Streams in Java
With Java 8, Collection interface has two methods to generate a Stream.
stream() − Returns a sequential stream considering collection as its source.
parallelStream() − Returns a parallel Stream considering collection as its source.
List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
List<String> filtered = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());
forEach Method
Stream has provided a new method 'forEach' to iterate each element of the stream. The following code segment shows how to print 10 random numbers using forEach.
Random random = new Random();
random.ints().limit(10).forEach(System.out::println);
map Method
The 'map' method is used to map each element to its corresponding result. The following code segment prints unique squares of numbers using map.
List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);
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//get list of unique squares
List<Integer> squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i -> i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
filter Method
The 'filter' method is used to eliminate elements based on a criteria. The following code segment prints a count of empty strings using filter.
List<String>strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
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//get count of empty string
int count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();
limit Method
The 'limit' method is used to reduce the size of the stream. The following code segment shows how to print 10 random numbers using limit.
Random random = new Random();
random.ints().limit(10).forEach(System.out::println)
sorted Method
The 'sorted' method is used to sort the stream. The following code segment shows how to print 10 random numbers in a sorted order.
Random random = new Random();
random.ints().limit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println);
Parallel Processing
parallelStream is the alternative of stream for parallel processing. Take a look at the following code segment that prints a count of empty strings using parallelStream.
List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
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//get count of empty string
long count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();
It is very easy to switch between sequential and parallel streams.
Collectors
Collectors are used to combine the result of processing on the elements of a stream. Collectors can be used to return a list or a string.
List<String>strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
List<String> filtered = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());
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System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);
String mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);
Statistics
With Java 8, statistics collectors are introduced to calculate all statistics when stream processing is being done.
List numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);
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IntSummaryStatistics stats = numbers.stream().mapToInt((x) -> x).summaryStatistics();
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System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + stats.getMax());
System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + stats.getMin());
System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + stats.getSum());
System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + stats.getAverage());
Java Streams Example
Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:\> JAVA.
Java8Tester.java
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.IntSummaryStatistics;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.Map;
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public class Java8Tester {
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   public static void main(String args[]) {
      System.out.println("Using Java 7: ");
		
      // Count empty strings
      List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
      System.out.println("List: " +strings);
      long count = getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(strings);
		
      System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
      count = getCountLength3UsingJava7(strings);
		
      System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count);
		
      //Eliminate empty string
      List<String> filtered = deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(strings);
      System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);
		
      //Eliminate empty string and join using comma.
      String mergedString = getMergedStringUsingJava7(strings,", ");
      System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);
      List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);
		
      //get list of square of distinct numbers
      List<Integer> squaresList = getSquares(numbers);
      System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList);
      List<Integer> integers = Arrays.asList(1,2,13,4,15,6,17,8,19);
		
      System.out.println("List: " +integers);
      System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + getMax(integers));
      System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + getMin(integers));
      System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + getSum(integers));
      System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + getAverage(integers));
      System.out.println("Random Numbers: ");
		
      //print ten random numbers
      Random random = new Random();
		
      for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
         System.out.println(random.nextInt());
      }
		
      System.out.println("Using Java 8: ");
      System.out.println("List: " +strings);
		
      count = strings.stream().filter(string->string.isEmpty()).count();
      System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
		
      count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.length() == 3).count();
      System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count);
		
      filtered = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());
      System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);
		
      mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
      System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);
		
      squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i ->i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
      System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList);
      System.out.println("List: " +integers);
		
      IntSummaryStatistics stats = integers.stream().mapToInt((x) ->x).summaryStatistics();
		
      System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + stats.getMax());
      System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + stats.getMin());
      System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + stats.getSum());
      System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + stats.getAverage());
      System.out.println("Random Numbers: ");
		
      random.ints().limit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println);
		
      //parallel processing
      count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();
      System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
   }
	
   private static int getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
      int count = 0;
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      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(string.isEmpty()) {
            count++;
         }
      }
      return count;
   }
	
   private static int getCountLength3UsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
      int count = 0;
		
      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(string.length() == 3) {
            count++;
         }
      }
      return count;
   }
	
   private static List<String> deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
      List<String> filteredList = new ArrayList<String>();
		
      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(!string.isEmpty()) {
             filteredList.add(string);
         }
      }
      return filteredList;
   }
	
   private static String getMergedStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings, String separator) {
      StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
		
      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(!string.isEmpty()) {
            stringBuilder.append(string);
            stringBuilder.append(separator);
         }
      }
      String mergedString = stringBuilder.toString();
      return mergedString.substring(0, mergedString.length()-2);
   }
	
   private static List<Integer> getSquares(List<Integer> numbers) {
      List<Integer> squaresList = new ArrayList<Integer>();
		
      for(Integer number: numbers) {
         Integer square = new Integer(number.intValue() * number.intValue());
			
         if(!squaresList.contains(square)) {
            squaresList.add(square);
         }
      }
      return squaresList;
   }
	
   private static int getMax(List<Integer> numbers) {
      int max = numbers.get(0);
		
      for(int i = 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
		
         Integer number = numbers.get(i);
			
         if(number.intValue() > max) {
            max = number.intValue();
         }
      }
      return max;
   }
	
   private static int getMin(List<Integer> numbers) {
      int min = numbers.get(0);
		
      for(int i= 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
         Integer number = numbers.get(i);
		
         if(number.intValue() < min) {
            min = number.intValue();
         }
      }
      return min;
   }
	
   private static int getSum(List numbers) {
      int sum = (int)(numbers.get(0));
		
      for(int i = 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
         sum += (int)numbers.get(i);
      }
      return sum;
   }
	
   private static int getAverage(List<Integer> numbers) {
      return getSum(numbers) / numbers.size();
   }
}
Verify the Result
Compile the class using javac compiler as follows 
C:\JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java
Now run the Java8Tester as follows 
C:\JAVA>java Java8Tester
It should produce the following result 
Using Java 7:
List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl]
Empty Strings: 2
Strings of length 3: 3
Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl]
Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl
Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25]
List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19]
Highest number in List : 19
Lowest number in List : 1
Sum of all numbers : 85
Average of all numbers : 9
Random Numbers:
-1279735475
903418352
-1133928044
-1571118911
628530462
18407523
-881538250
-718932165
270259229
421676854
Using Java 8:
List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl]
Empty Strings: 2
Strings of length 3: 3
Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl]
Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl
Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25]
List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19]
Highest number in List : 19
Lowest number in List : 1
Sum of all numbers : 85
Average of all numbers : 9.444444444444445
Random Numbers:
-1009474951
-551240647
-2484714
181614550
933444268
1227850416
1579250773
1627454872
1683033687
1798939493
Empty Strings: 2
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Java Tutorial

Java Control Statements

Object Oriented Programming

Java Built-in Classes

Java File Handling

Java Error & Exceptions

Java Multithreading

Java Synchronization

Java Networking

Java Collections

Java List Interface

Java Queue Interface

Java Map Interface

Java Set Interface

Java Data Structures

Java Collections Algorithms

Java Miscellaneous

Java Tutorial

Streams

What is Stream in Java?

Generating Streams in Java

forEach Method

map Method

filter Method

limit Method

sorted Method

Parallel Processing

Collectors

Statistics

Java Streams Example

Java8Tester.java

Verify the Result