Course
Generics
Java Tutorial
This Java tutorial is tailored for newcomers, offering a journey from basic principles to complex Java programming techniques. Completing this tutorial equips you with a solid understanding of Java, preparing you for advanced learning. You'll emerge ready to tackle the challenges of becoming a top-tier software engineer, with the skills to innovate and excel in the vast world of software development.
Generics
It would be nice if we could write a single sort method that could sort the elements in an Integer array, a String array, or an array of any type that supports ordering.
Why Generics are used in Java?
Generics are used to create such classes, interfaces, and methods with parameters that can operate on different data types along. This feature was introduced in Java 5.
Java - Generics
Java Generic methods and generic classes enable programmers to specify, with a single method declaration, a set of related methods, or with a single class declaration, a set of related types, respectively.
Generics also provide compile-time type safety that allows programmers to catch invalid types at compile time.
Using Java Generic concept, we might write a generic method for sorting an array of objects, then invoke the generic method with Integer arrays, Double arrays, String arrays and so on, to sort the array elements.
Advantage of Java Generics
- No scarification of type-safety
- Compile-time checking
- Code reusability and improved performance
Types of Java Generics
Generic Methods
You can write a single generic method declaration that can be called with arguments of different types. Based on the types of the arguments passed to the generic method, the compiler handles each method call appropriately.
Rules to Define Generic Methods
Following are the rules to define Generic Methods
- All generic method declarations have a type parameter section delimited by angle brackets (< and >) that precedes the method's return type ( < E > in the next example).
- Each type parameter section contains one or more type parameters separated by commas. A type parameter, also known as a type variable, is an identifier that specifies a generic type name.
- The type parameters can be used to declare the return type and act as placeholders for the types of the arguments passed to the generic method, which are known as actual type arguments.
- A generic method's body is declared like that of any other method. Note that type parameters can represent only reference types, not primitive types (like int, double and char).
Example of Java Generic Methods
Following example illustrates how we can print an array of different type using a single Generic method
public class GenericMethodTest { // generic method printArray public static < E > void printArray( E[] inputArray ) { // Display array elements for(E element : inputArray) { System.out.printf("%s ", element); } System.out.println(); }
public static void main(String args[]) { // Create arrays of Integer, Double and Character Integer[] intArray = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; Double[] doubleArray = { 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4 }; Character[] charArray = { 'H', 'E', 'L', 'L', 'O' };
System.out.println("Array integerArray contains:"); printArray(intArray); // pass an Integer array
System.out.println("\nArray doubleArray contains:"); printArray(doubleArray); // pass a Double array
System.out.println("\nArray characterArray contains:"); printArray(charArray); // pass a Character array }}Output
Array integerArray contains:1 2 3 4 5
Array doubleArray contains:1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4
Array characterArray contains:H E L L OBounded Type Parameters
There may be times when you'll want to restrict the kinds of types that are allowed to be passed to a type parameter. For example, a method that operates on numbers might only want to accept instances of Number or its subclasses. This is what bounded type parameters are for.
To declare a bounded type parameter, list the type parameter's name, followed by the extends keyword, followed by its upper bound.
Example of Bounded Type Parameters
Following example illustrates how extends is used in a general sense to mean either "extends" (as in classes) or "implements" (as in interfaces). This example is Generic method to return the largest of three Comparable objects
public class MaximumTest { // determines the largest of three Comparable objects public static <T extends Comparable<T>> T maximum(T x, T y, T z) { T max = x; // assume x is initially the largest if(y.compareTo(max) > 0) { max = y; // y is the largest so far } if(z.compareTo(max) > 0) { max = z; // z is the largest now } return max; // returns the largest object } public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.printf("Max of %d, %d and %d is %d\n\n", 3, 4, 5, maximum( 3, 4, 5 ));
System.out.printf("Max of %.1f,%.1f and %.1f is %.1f\n\n", 6.6, 8.8, 7.7, maximum( 6.6, 8.8, 7.7 ));
System.out.printf("Max of %s, %s and %s is %s\n","pear", "apple", "orange", maximum("pear", "apple", "orange")); }}Output
Max of 3, 4 and 5 is 5
Max of 6.6,8.8 and 7.7 is 8.8
Max of pear, apple and orange is pearGeneric Classes
A generic class declaration looks like a non-generic class declaration, except that the class name is followed by a type parameter section.
As with generic methods, the type parameter section of a generic class can have one or more type parameters separated by commas. These classes are known as parameterized classes or parameterized types because they accept one or more parameters.
Example of Generic Classes
Following example illustrates how we can define a generic class
public class Box<T> { private T t;
public void add(T t) { this.t = t; }
public T get() { return t; }
public static void main(String[] args) { Box<Integer> integerBox = new Box<Integer>(); Box<String> stringBox = new Box<String>(); integerBox.add(new Integer(10)); stringBox.add(new String("Hello World"));
System.out.printf("Integer Value :%d\n\n", integerBox.get()); System.out.printf("String Value :%s\n", stringBox.get()); }}Output
Integer Value :10String Value :Hello World