Python Tutorial

This Python tutorial has been written for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts of Python Programming Language. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a great level of expertise in Python, from where you can take yourself to the next levels to become a world class Software Engineer.

Syntax
The Python syntax defines a set of rules that are used to create a Python Program. The Python Programming Language Syntax has many similarities to Perl, C, and Java Programming Languages. However, there are some definite differences between the languages.
First Python Program
Let us execute a Python program to print "Hello, World!" in two different modes of Python Programming. (a) Interactive Mode Programming (b) Script Mode Programming.
Python - Interactive Mode Programming
We can invoke a Python interpreter from command line by typing python at the command prompt as following
$ python3
Python 3.10.6 (main, Mar 10 2023, 10:55:28) [GCC 11.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
Here >>> denotes a Python Command Prompt where you can type your commands. Let's type the following text at the Python prompt and press the Enter
>>> print ("Hello, World!")
If you are running older version of Python, like Python 2.4.x, then you would need to use print statement without parenthesis as in print "Hello, World!". However in Python version 3.x, this produces the following result
Hello, World!
Python - Script Mode Programming
We can invoke the Python interpreter with a script parameter which begins the execution of the script and continues until the script is finished. When the script is finished, the interpreter is no longer active.
Let us write a simple Python program in a script which is simple text file. Python files have extension .py. Type the following source code in a test.py file
print ("Hello, World!")
We assume that you have Python interpreter path set in PATH variable. Now, let's try to run this program as follows
$ python3 test.py
This produces the following result
Hello, World!
Let us try another way to execute a Python script. Here is the modified test.py file
#!/usr/bin/python3
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print ("Hello, World!")
We assume that you have Python interpreter available in /usr/bin directory. Now, try to run this program as follows −
$ chmod +x test.py     # This is to make file executable
$./test.py
This produces the following result
Hello, World!
Python Identifiers
A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or other object. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).
Python does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers.
Python is a case sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and manpower are two different identifiers in Python.
Here are naming conventions for Python identifiers
Python Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other identifiers start with a lowercase letter.
Starting an identifier with a single leading underscore indicates that the identifier is private identifier.
Starting an identifier with two leading underscores indicates a strongly private identifier.
If the identifier also ends with two trailing underscores, the identifier is a language-defined special name.
Python Reserved Words
The following list shows the Python keywords. These are reserved words and you cannot use them as constant or variable or any other identifier names. All the Python keywords contain lowercase letters only.
and
as
assert
break
class
continue
def
del
elif
else
except
False
finally
for
from
global
if
import
in
is
lambda
None
nonlocal
not
or
pass
raise
return
True
try
while
with
yield
Python Lines and Indentation
Python programming provides no braces to indicate blocks of code for class and function definitions or flow control. Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation, which is rigidly enforced.
The number of spaces in the indentation is variable, but all statements within the block must be indented the same amount. For example
if True:
   print ("True")
else:
   print ("False")
However, the following block generates an error
if True:
   print ("Answer")
   print ("True")
else:
   print ("Answer")
   print ("False")
Thus, in Python all the continuous lines indented with same number of spaces would form a block. The following example has various statement blocks
Do not try to understand the logic at this point of time. Just make sure you understood various blocks even if they are without braces.
import sys
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try:
   # open file stream
   file = open(file_name, "w")
except IOError:
   print "There was an error writing to", file_name
   sys.exit()
print "Enter '", file_finish,
print "' When finished"
while file_text != file_finish:
   file_text = raw_input("Enter text: ")
   if file_text == file_finish:
      # close the file
      file.close
      break
   file.write(file_text)
   file.write("\n")
file.close()
file_name = raw_input("Enter filename: ")
if len(file_name) == 0:
   print "Next time please enter something"
   sys.exit()
try:
   file = open(file_name, "r")
except IOError:
   print "There was an error reading file"
   sys.exit()
file_text = file.read()
file.close()
print file_text
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
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Python Multi-Line Statements
Statements in Python typically end with a new line. Python does, however, allow the use of the line continuation character (\) to denote that the line should continue. For example
total = item_one + \
        item_two + \
        item_three
Statements contained within the [], {}, or () brackets do not need to use the line continuation character. For example following statement works well in Python
days = ['Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday',
        'Thursday', 'Friday']
Quotations in Python
Python accepts single ('), double (") and triple (''' or """) quotes to denote string literals, as long as the same type of quote starts and ends the string.
The triple quotes are used to span the string across multiple lines. For example, all the following are legal
word = 'word'
print (word)
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sentence = "This is a sentence."
print (sentence)
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paragraph = """This is a paragraph. It is
 made up of multiple lines and sentences."""
print (paragraph)
Comments in Python
A comment is a programmer-readable explanation or annotation in the Python source code. They are added with the purpose of making the source code easier for humans to understand, and are ignored by Python interpreter
Just like most modern languages, Python supports single-line (or end-of-line) and multi-line (block) comments. Python comments are very much similar to the comments available in PHP, BASH and Perl Programming languages.
A hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal begins a comment. All characters after the # and up to the end of the physical line are part of the comment and the Python interpreter ignores them.
# First comment
print ("Hello, World!") # Second comment
This produces the following result
Hello, World!
You can type a comment on the same line after a statement or expression −
name = "Madisetti" # This is again comment
You can comment multiple lines as follows
# This is a comment.
# This is a comment, too.
# This is a comment, too.
# I said that already.
Following triple-quoted string is also ignored by Python interpreter and can be used as a multiline comments:
'''
This is a multiline
comment.
'''
Using Blank Lines in Python Programs
A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line and Python totally ignores it.
In an interactive interpreter session, you must enter an empty physical line to terminate a multiline statement.
Waiting for the User
The following line of the program displays the prompt, the statement saying “Press the enter key to exit”, and waits for the user to take action
#!/usr/bin/python
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raw_input("\n\nPress the enter key to exit.")
Here, "\n\n" is used to create two new lines before displaying the actual line. Once the user presses the key, the program ends. This is a nice trick to keep a console window open until the user is done with an application.
Multiple Statements on a Single Line
The semicolon ( ; ) allows multiple statements on the single line given that neither statement starts a new code block. Here is a sample snip using the semicolon
import sys; x = 'foo'; sys.stdout.write(x + '\n')
Multiple Statement Groups as Suites
A group of individual statements, which make a single code block are called suites in Python. Compound or complex statements, such as if, while, def, and class require a header line and a suite.
Header lines begin the statement (with the keyword) and terminate with a colon ( :) and are followed by one or more lines which make up the suite. For example
if expression :
   suite
elif expression :
   suite
else :
   suite
Command Line Arguments in Python
Many programs can be run to provide you with some basic information about how they should be run. Python enables you to do this with -h
$ python3 -h
usage: python3 [option] ... [-c cmd | -m mod | file | -] [arg] ...
Options and arguments (and corresponding environment variables):
-c cmd : program passed in as string (terminates option list)
-d     : debug output from parser (also PYTHONDEBUG=x)
-E     : ignore environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH)
-h     : print this help message and exit
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[ etc. ]
You can also program your script in such a way that it should accept various options. Command Line Arguments is an advanced topic and should be studied a bit later once you have gone through rest of the Python concepts.
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
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`and`	`as`	`assert`
`break`	`class`	`continue`
`def`	`del`	`elif`
`else`	`except`	`False`
`finally`	`for`	`from`
`global`	`if`	`import`
`in`	`is`	`lambda`
`None`	`nonlocal`	`not`
`or`	`pass`	`raise`
`return`	`True`	`try`
`while`	`with`	`yield`

Python Basics

Python Control Statement

Python Functions & Modules

Python Strings

Python Lists

Python Tuples

Python Sets

Python Dictionaries

Python Arrays

Python File Handling

Object Oriented Programming

Python Tutorial

Syntax

First Python Program

Python - Interactive Mode Programming

Python - Script Mode Programming

Python Identifiers

Python Reserved Words

Python Lines and Indentation

Practice with Online Editor

Python Multi-Line Statements

Quotations in Python

Comments in Python

Using Blank Lines in Python Programs

Waiting for the User

Multiple Statements on a Single Line

Multiple Statement Groups as Suites

Command Line Arguments in Python

Practice with Online Editor

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