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      Match-Case Statement

      Python Tutorial

      This Python tutorial has been written for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts of Python Programming Language. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a great level of expertise in Python, from where you can take yourself to the next levels to become a world class Software Engineer.

      Match-Case Statement

      Before its 3.10 version, Python lacked a feature similar to switch-case in C or C++. In Python 3.10, a pattern matching technique called match-case has been introduced, which is similar to the switch-case construct available in C/C++/Java etc.

      Python match-case Statement

      A Python match-case statement takes an expression and compares its value to successive patterns given as one or more case blocks. The usage is more similar to pattern matching in languages like Rust or Haskell than a switch statement in C or C++. Only the first pattern that matches gets executed. It is also possible to extract components (sequence elements or object attributes) from the value into variables.

      Syntax

      The basic usage of match-case is to compare a variable against one or more values.
      match variable_name:
         case 'pattern 1' : statement 1
         case 'pattern 2' : statement 2
         ...
         case 'pattern n' : statement n

      Example

      The following code has a function named weekday(). It receives an integer argument, matches it with all possible weekday number values, and returns the corresponding name of day.
      def weekday(n):
         match n:
            case 0: return "Monday"
            case 1: return "Tuesday"
            case 2: return "Wednesday"
            case 3: return "Thursday"
            case 4: return "Friday"
            case 5: return "Saturday"
            case 6: return "Sunday"
            case _: return "Invalid day number"
      print (weekday(3))
      print (weekday(6))
      print (weekday(7))

      Output

      On executing, this code will produce the following output
      Thursday
      Sunday
      Invalid day number
      The last case statement in the function has "_" as the value to compare. It serves as the wildcard case, and will be executed if all other cases are not true.

      Combined Cases

      Sometimes, there may be a situation where for more thanone cases, a similar action has to be taken. For this, you can combine cases with the OR operator represented by "|" symbol.

      Example

      def access(user):
         match user:
            case "admin" | "manager": return "Full access"
            case "Guest": return "Limited access"
            case _: return "No access"
      print (access("manager"))
      print (access("Guest"))
      print (access("Ravi"))

      Output

      The above code defines a function named access() and has one string argument, representing the name of the user. For admin or manager user, the system grants full access; for Guest, the access is limited; and for the rest, there's no access.
      Full access
      Limited access
      No access

      List as the Argument

      Since Python can match the expression against any literal, you can use a list as a case value. Moreover, for variable number of items in the list, they can be parsed to a sequence with "*" operator.

      Example

      def greeting(details):
         match details:
            case [time, name]:
               return f'Good {time} {name}!'
            case [time, *names]:
               msg=''
               for name in names:
                  msg+=f'Good {time} {name}!\n'
               return msg
      
      print (greeting(["Morning", "Ravi"]))
      print (greeting(["Afternoon","Guest"]))
      print (greeting(["Evening", "Kajal", "Praveen", "Lata"]))

      Output

      On executing, this code will produce the following output 
      Good Morning Ravi!
      Good Afternoon Guest!
      Good Evening Kajal!
      Good Evening Praveen!
      Good Evening Lata!

      Using "if" in "Case" Clause

      Normally Python matches an expression against literal cases. However, it allows you to include if statement in the case clause for conditional computation of match variable.
      In the following example, the function argument is a list of amount and duration, and the intereset is to be calculated for amount less than or more than 10000. The condition is included in the case clause.

      Example

      def intr(details):
         match details:
            case [amt, duration] if amt<10000:
               return amt*10*duration/100
            case [amt, duration] if amt>=10000:
               return amt*15*duration/100
      print ("Interest = ", intr([5000,5]))
      print ("Interest = ", intr([15000,3]))

      Output

      On executing, this code will produce the following output
      Interest = 2500.0
      Interest = 6750.0

      Practice with Online Editor

      Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
      Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.