Python Tutorial

This Python tutorial has been written for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts of Python Programming Language. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a great level of expertise in Python, from where you can take yourself to the next levels to become a world class Software Engineer.

Type Casting
Python Type Casting
From a programming point of view, a type casting refers to converting an object of one type into another. Here, we shall learn about type casting in Python Programming.
Python Type Casting is a process in which we convert a literal of one data type to another data type. Python supports two types of casting − implicit and explicit.
In Python there are different data types, such as numbers, sequences, mappings etc. There may be a situation where, you have the available data of one type but you want to use it in another form. For example, the user has input a string but you want to use it as a number. Python's type casting mechanism let you do that.
Python Implicit Type Casting
When any language compiler/interpreter automatically converts object of one type into other, it is called automatic or implicit casting. Python is a strongly typed language. It doesn't allow automatic type conversion between unrelated data types. For example, a string cannot be converted to any number type. However, an integer can be cast into a float. Other languages such as JavaScript is a weakly typed language, where an integer is coerced into a string for concatenation.
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Note that memory requirement of each data type is different. For example, an integer object in Python occupies 4 bytes of memory, while a float object needs 8 bytes because of its fractional part. Hence, AI doesn't automatically convert a float to int, because it will result in loss of data. On the other hand, int can be easily converted into float by setting its fractional part to 0.
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Implicit int to float casting takes place when any arithmetic operation on int and float operands is done.
Consider we have an int and one float variable.
<<< a=10   # int object
<<< b=10.5 # float object
To perform their addition, 10 − the integer object is upgraded to 10.0. It is a float, but equivalent to its earlier numeric value. Now we can perform addition of two floats.
<<< c=a+b
<<< print (c)
20.5
In implicit type casting, a Python object with lesser byte size is upgraded to match the bigger byte size of other object in the operation. For example, a Boolean object is first upgraded to int and then to float, before the addition with a floating point object. In the following example, we try to add a Boolean object in a float, pleae note that True is equal to 1, and False is equal to 0.
Example: Implicit Type Conversion in Python
a=True;
b=10.5;
c=a+b;
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print (c);
This will produce the following result:
11.5
Python Explicit Type Casting
Although automatic or implicit casting is limited to int to float conversion, you can use Python's built-in functions int(), float() and str() to perform the explicit conversions such as string to integer.
Type Conversion: The int() Method
Python's built-in int() function converts an integer literal to an integer object, a float to integer, and a string to integer if the string itself has a valid integer literal representation.
Using int() with an int object as argument is equivalent to declaring an int object directly.
<<< a = int(10)
<<< a
10
is same as
<<< a = 10
<<< a
10
<<< type(a)
<class 'int>
If the argument to int() function is a float object or floating point expression, it returns an int object. For example
<<< a = int(10.5) #converts a float object to int
<<< a
10
<<< a = int(2*3.14) #expression results float, is converted to int
<<< a
6
<<< type(a)
<class 'int'>
The int() function also returns integer 1 if a Boolean object is given as argument.
<<< a=int(True)
<<< a
1
<<< type(a)
<class 'int'>
Example: String to Integer Conversion
The int() function returns an integer from a string object, only if it contains a valid integer representation.
<<< a = int("100")
<<< a
100
<<< type(a)
<class 'int'>
<<< a = ("10"+"01")
<<< a = int("10"+"01")
<<< a
1001
<<< type(a)
<class 'int'>
However, if the string contains a non-integer representation, Python raises ValueError.
<<< a = int("10.5")
Traceback (most recent call last):
   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '10.5'
<<< a = int("Hello World")
Traceback (most recent call last):
   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'Hello World'
The int() function also returns integer from binary, octal and hexa-decimal string. For this, the function needs a base parameter which must be 2, 8 or 16 respectively. The string should have a valid binary/octal/Hexa-decimal representation.
Example: Binary to Integer Conversion
The string should be made up of 1 and 0 only, and the base should be 2.
<<< a = int("110011", 2)
<<< a
51
The Decimal equivalent of binary number 110011 is 51.
Example: Decimal String to Integer Conversion
The string should only contain 0 to 7 digits, and the base should be 8.
<<< a = int("20", 8)
<<< a
16
The Decimal equivalent of octal 20 is 16.
Example: Hexadecimal String to Integer Conversion
The string should contain only the Hexadecimal symbols i.e., 0-9 and A, B, C, D, E or F. Base should be 16.
<<< a = int("2A9", 16)
<<< a
681
Decimal equivalent of Hexadecimal 2A9 is 681. You can easily verify these conversions with calculator app in Windows, Ubuntu or Smartphones.
Following is an example to convert number, float and string into integer data type:
a = int(1)     # a will be 1
b = int(2.2)   # b will be 2
c = int("3")   # c will be 3
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print (a)
print (b)
print (c)
This produce the following result
1
2
3
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
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Type Conversion: The float() Method
The float() is a built-in function in Python. It returns a float object if the argument is a float literal, integer or a string with valid floating point representation.
Using float() with an float object as argument is equivalent to declaring a float object directly
<<< a = float(9.99)
<<< a
9.99
<<< type(a)
<class 'float'>
is same as
<<< a = 9.99
<<< a
9.99
<<< type(a)
<class 'float'>
If the argument to float() function is an integer, the returned value is a floating point with fractional part set to 0.
Example
<<< a = float(100)
<<< a
100.0
<<< type(a)
<class 'float'>
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The float() function returns float object from a string, if the string contains a valid floating point number, otherwise ValueError is raised.
Example
<<< a = float("9.99")
<<< a
9.99
<<< type(a)
<class 'float'>
<<< a = float("1,234.50")
Traceback (most recent call last):
   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: could not convert string to float: '1,234.50'
The reason of ValueError here is the presence of comma in the string.
For the purpose of string to float conversion, the sceientific notation of floating point is also considered valid.
Example
<<< a = float("1.00E4")
<<< a
10000.0
<<< type(a)
<class 'float'>
<<< a = float("1.00E-4")
<<< a
0.0001
<<< type(a)
<class 'float'>
Example
Following is an example to convert number, float and string into float data type:
a = float(1)     # a will be 1.0
b = float(2.2)   # b will be 2.2
c = float("3.3") # c will be 3.3
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print (a)
print (b)
print (c)
This produce the following result
1.0
2.2
3.3
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
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Type Conversion: The str() Method
We saw how a Python obtains integer or float number from corresponding string representation. The str() function works the opposite. It surrounds an integer or a float object with quotes (') to return a str object. The str() function returns the string representation of any Python object. In this section, we shall see different examples of str() function in Python.
The str() function has three parameters. First required parameter (or argument) is the object whose string representation we want. Other two operators, encoding and errors, are optional.
We shall execute str() function in Python console to easily verify that the returned object is a string, with the enclosing quotation marks (').
Example: Integer to String Conversion
You can convert any integer number into a string as follows:
<<< a = str(10)
<<< a
'10'
<<< type(a)
<class 'str'>
Example: Float to String Conversion
str() function converts floating point objects with both the notations of floating point, standard notation with a decimal point separating integer and fractional part, and the scientific notation to string object.
<<< a=str(11.10)
<<< a
'11.1'
<<< type(a)
<class 'str'>
<<< a = str(2/5)
<<< a
'0.4'
<<< type(a)
<class 'str'>
In the second case, a division expression is given as argument to str() function. Note that the expression is evaluated first and then result is converted to string.
Example: Float (Scientific Notation) to String
Floating points in scientific notations using E or e and with positive or negative power are converted to string with str() function.
<<< a=str(10E4)
<<< a
'100000.0'
<<< type(a)
<class 'str'>
<<< a=str(1.23e-4)
<<< a
'0.000123'
<<< type(a)
<class 'str'>
Example: Boolean to String Conversion
When Boolean constant is entered as argument, it is surrounded by (') so that True becomes 'True'. List and Tuple objects can also be given argument to str() function. The resultant string is the list/tuple surrounded by (').
<<< a=str('True')
<<< a
'True'
<<< a=str([1,2,3])
<<< a
'[1, 2, 3]'
<<< a=str((1,2,3))
<<< a
'(1, 2, 3)'
<<< a=str({1:100, 2:200, 3:300})
<<< a
'{1: 100, 2: 200, 3: 300}'
Example: Number, Float, and String to String Conversion
Following is an example to convert number, float and string into string data type:
a = str(1)     # a will be "1"
b = str(2.2)   # b will be "2.2"
c = str("3.3") # c will be "3.3"
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print (a)
print (b)
print (c)
This produce the following result
1
2.2
3.3
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
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Conversion of Sequence Types
﻿List, Tuple, and String are Python's sequence types. They are ordered or indexed collection of items.
A string and tuple can be converted into a list object by using the list() function. Similarly, the tuple() function converts a string or list to a tuple.
We shall take an object each of these three sequence types and study their inter-conversion.
<<< a=[1,2,3,4,5]   # List Object
<<< b=(1,2,3,4,5)   # Tupple Object
<<< c="Hello"       # String Object
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### list() separates each character in the string and builds the list
<<< obj=list(c)
<<< obj
['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
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### The parentheses of tuple are replaced by square brackets
<<< obj=list(b)
<<< obj
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
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### tuple() separates each character from string and builds a tuple of characters
<<< obj=tuple(c)
<<< obj
('H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o')
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### square brackets of list are replaced by parentheses.
<<< obj=tuple(a)
<<< obj
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
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### str() function puts the list and tuple inside the quote symbols.
<<< obj=str(a)
<<< obj
'[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]'
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<<< obj=str(b)
<<< obj
'(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)'
Thus Python's explicit type casting feature allows conversion of one data type to other with the help of its built-in functions.
Methods Used in Python Type Casting
There are several built-in functions to perform conversion from one data type to another. These functions return a new object representing the converted value.
Sr.No.
Function & Description
1
﻿AI﻿
Converts x to an integer. base specifies the base if x is a string.
2
﻿AI﻿
Converts x to a long integer. base specifies the base if x is a string.
3
﻿AI﻿
Converts x to a floating-point number.
4
﻿AI﻿
Creates a complex number.
5
﻿AI﻿
Converts object x to a string representation.
6
﻿AI﻿
Converts object x to an expression string.
7
﻿AI﻿
Evaluates a string and returns an object.
8
﻿AI﻿
Converts s to a tuple.
9
﻿AI﻿
Converts s to a list.
10
﻿AI﻿
Converts s to a set.
11
﻿AI﻿
Creates a dictionary. d must be a sequence of (key,value) tuples.
12
﻿AI﻿
Converts s to a frozen set.
13
﻿AI﻿
Converts an integer to a character.
14
﻿AI﻿
Converts an integer to a Unicode character.
15
﻿AI﻿
Converts a single character to its integer value.
16
﻿AI﻿
Converts an integer to a hexadecimal string.
17
﻿AI﻿
Converts an integer to an octal string.
Print Page
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Sr.No.	Function & Description
1	AI Converts x to an integer. base specifies the base if x is a string.
2	AI Converts x to a long integer. base specifies the base if x is a string.
3	AI Converts x to a floating-point number.
4	AI Creates a complex number.
5	AI Converts object x to a string representation.
6	AI Converts object x to an expression string.
7	AI Evaluates a string and returns an object.
8	AI Converts s to a tuple.
9	AI Converts s to a list.
10	AI Converts s to a set.
11	AI Creates a dictionary. d must be a sequence of (key,value) tuples.
12	AI Converts s to a frozen set.
13	AI Converts an integer to a character.
14	AI Converts an integer to a Unicode character.
15	AI Converts a single character to its integer value.
16	AI Converts an integer to a hexadecimal string.
17	AI Converts an integer to an octal string.

Python Basics

Python Control Statement

Python Functions & Modules

Python Strings

Python Lists

Python Tuples

Python Sets

Python Dictionaries

Python Arrays

Python File Handling

Object Oriented Programming

Python Tutorial

Type Casting

Python Type Casting

Python Implicit Type Casting

Example: Implicit Type Conversion in Python

Python Explicit Type Casting

Type Conversion: The int() Method

Example: String to Integer Conversion

Example: Binary to Integer Conversion

Example: Decimal String to Integer Conversion

Example: Hexadecimal String to Integer Conversion

Practice with Online Editor

Type Conversion: The float() Method

Example

Example

Example

Example

Practice with Online Editor

Type Conversion: The str() Method

Example: Integer to String Conversion

Example: Float to String Conversion

Example: Float (Scientific Notation) to String

Example: Boolean to String Conversion

Example: Number, Float, and String to String Conversion

Practice with Online Editor

Conversion of Sequence Types

Methods Used in Python Type Casting