Python Tutorial

This Python tutorial has been written for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts of Python Programming Language. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a great level of expertise in Python, from where you can take yourself to the next levels to become a world class Software Engineer.

Numbers
Python has built-in support to store and process numeric data (Python Numbers). Most of the times you work with numbers in almost every Python application. Obviously, any computer application deals with numbers. This tutorial will discuss about different types of Python Numbers and their properties.
Python - Number Types
There are three built-in number types available in Python:
integers (int)
floating point numbers (float)
complex numbers
Python also has a bult-in Boolean data type called bool. It can be treated as a sub-type of int type, since it's two possible values True and False represent the integers 1 and 0 respectively.
Python − Integer Numbers
In Python, any number without the provision to store a fractional part is an integer. (Note that if the fractional part in a number is 0, it doesn't mean that it is an integer. For example a number 10.0 is not an integer, it is a float with 0 fractional part whose numeric value is 10.) An integer can be zero, positive or a negative whole number. For example, 1234, 0, -55 all represent to integers in Python.
There are three ways to form an integer object. With (a) literal representation, (b) any expression evaluating to an integer, and (c) using int() function.
Literal is a notation used to represent a constant directly in the source code. For example
>>> a =10
However, look at the following assignment of the integer variable c.
a=10
b=20
c=a+b
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print ("a:", a, "type:", type(a))
print ("c:", c, "type:", type(c))
It will produce the following output
a: 10 type: <class 'int'>
c: 30 type: <class 'int'>
Here, c is indeed an integer variable, but the expression a+b is evaluated first, and its value is indirectly assigned to c.
The third method of forming an integer object is with the return value of int() function. It converts a floating point number or a string in an integer.
>>> a=int(10.5)
>>> b=int("100")
You can represent an integer as a binary, octal or Hexa-decimal number. However, internally the object is stored as an integer.
Binary Numbers in Python
A number consisting of only the binary digits (1 and 0) and prefixed with 0b is a binary number. If you assign a binary number to a variable, it still is an int variable.
A represent an integer in binary form, store it directly as a literal, or use int() function, in which the base is set to 2
a=0b101
print ("a:",a, "type:",type(a))
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b=int("0b101011", 2)
print ("b:",b, "type:",type(b))
It will produce the following output
a: 5 type: <class 'int'>
b: 43 type: <class 'int'>
There is also a bin() function in Python. It returns a binary string equivalent of an integer.
a=43
b=bin(a)
print ("Integer:",a, "Binary equivalent:",b)
It will produce the following output
Integer: 43 Binary equivalent: 0b101011
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
﻿
Octal Numbers in Python
An octal number is made up of digits 0 to 7 only. In order to specify that the integer uses octal notation, it needs to be prefixed by 0o (lowercase O) or 0O (uppercase O). A literal representation of octal number is as follows
a=0O107
print (a, type(a))
It will produce the following output
71 <class 'int'>
Note that the object is internally stored as integer. Decimal equivalent of octal number 107 is 71.
Since octal number system has 8 symbols (0 to 7), its base is 7. Hence, while using int() function to covert an octal string to integer, you need to set the base argument to 8.
a=int('20',8)
print (a, type(a))
It will produce the following output
16 <class 'int'>
Decimal equivalent of octal 30 is 16.
In the following code, two int objects are obtained from octal notations and their addition is performed.
a=0O56
print ("a:",a, "type:",type(a))
﻿
b=int("0O31",8)
print ("b:",b, "type:",type(b))
﻿
c=a+b
print ("addition:", c)
It will produce the following output
a: 46 type: <class 'int'>
b: 25 type: <class 'int'>
addition: 71
To obtain the octal string for an integer, use oct() function.
a=oct(71)
print (a, type(a))
Hexa-decimal Numbers in Python
As the name suggests, there are 16 symbols in the Hexadecimal number system. They are 0-9 and A to F. The first 10 digits are same as decimal digits. The alphabets A, B, C, D, E and F are equivalents of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 respectively. Upper or lower cases may be used for these letter symbols.
For the literal representation of an integer in Hexadecimal notation, prefix it by 0x or 0X.
a=0XA2
print (a, type(a))
It will produce the following output
162 <class 'int'>
To convert a Hexadecimal string to integer, set the base to 16 in the int() function.
a=int('0X1e', 16)
print (a, type(a))
Try out the following code snippet. It takes a Hexadecimal string, and returns the integer.
num_string = "A1"
number = int(num_string, 16)
print ("Hexadecimal:", num_string, "Integer:",number)
It will produce the following output
Hexadecimal: A1 Integer: 161
However, if the string contains any symbol apart from the Hexadecimal symbol chart (for example X001), it raises following error 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Python311\var1.py", line 4, in <module>
    number = int(num_string, 16)
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 16: 'X001'
Python's standard library has hex() function, with which you can obtain a hexadecimal equivalent of an integer.
a=hex(161)
print (a, type(a))
It will produce the following output
0xa1 <class 'str'>
Though an integer can be represented as binary or octal or hexadecimal, internally it is still integer. So, when performing arithmetic operation, the representation doesn't matter.
a=10 #decimal
b=0b10 #binary
c=0O10 #octal
d=0XA #Hexadecimal
e=a+b+c+d
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print ("addition:", e)
It will produce the following output
addition: 30
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
﻿
Python − Floating Point Numbers
A floating point number has an integer part and a fractional part, separated by a decimal point symbol (.). By default, the number is positive, prefix a dash (-) symbol for a negative number.
A floating point number is an object of Python's float class. To store a float object, you may use a literal notation, use the value of an arithmetic expression, or use the return value of float() function.
Using literal is the most direct way. Just assign a number with fractional part to a variable. Each of the following statements declares a float object.
>>> a=9.99
>>> b=0.999
>>> c=-9.99
>>> d=-0.999
In Python, there is no restriction on how many digits after the decimal point can a floating point number have. However, to shorten the representation, the E or e symbol is used. E stands for Ten raised to. For example, E4 is 10 raised to 4 (or 4th power of 10), e-3 is 10 raised to -3.
In scientific notation, number has a coefficient and exponent part. The coefficient should be a float greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10. Hence, 1.23E+3, 9.9E-5, and 1E10 are the examples of floats with scientific notation.
>>> a=1E10
>>> a
10000000000.0
>>> b=9.90E-5
>>> b
9.9e-05
>>> 1.23E3
1230.0
The second approach of forming a float object is indirect, using the result of an expression. Here, the quotient of two floats is assigned to a variable, which refers to a float object.
a=10.33
b=2.66
c=a/b
﻿
print ("c:", c, "type", type(c))
It will produce the following output
c: 3.8834586466165413 type <class 'float'>
Python's float() function returns a float object, parsing a number or a string if it has the appropriate contents. If no arguments are given in the parenthesis, it returns 0.0, and for an int argument, fractional part with 0 is added.
>>> a=float()
>>> a
0.0
>>> a=float(10)
>>> a
10.0
Even if the integer is expressed in binary, octal or hexadecimal, the Python has built-in support to store and process numeric data (Python Numbers). Most of the times you work with numbers in almost every Python application. Obviously, any computer application deals with numbers. This tutorial will discuss about different types of Python Numbers and their properties.
Python - Number Types
There are three built-in number types available in Python:
integers (int)
floating point numbers (float)
complex numbers
Python also has a bult-in Boolean data type called bool. It can be treated as a sub-type of int type, since it's two possible values True and False represent the integers 1 and 0 respectively.
Python − Integer Numbers
In Python, any number without the provision to store a fractional part is an integer. (Note that if the fractional part in a number is 0, it doesn't mean that it is an integer. For example a number 10.0 is not an integer, it is a float with 0 fractional part whose numeric value is 10.) An integer can be zero, positive or a negative whole number. For example, 1234, 0, -55 all represent to integers in Python.
There are three ways to form an integer object. With (a) literal representation, (b) any expression evaluating to an integer, and (c) using int() function.
Literal is a notation used to represent a constant directly in the source code. For example
>>> a =10
However, look at the following assignment of the integer variable c.
a=10
b=20
c=a+b
﻿
print ("a:", a, "type:", type(a))
print ("c:", c, "type:", type(c))
It will produce the following output
a: 10 type: <class 'int'>
c: 30 type: <class 'int'>
Here, c is indeed an integer variable, but the expression a+b is evaluated first, and its value is indirectly assigned to c.
The third method of forming an integer object is with the return value of int() function. It converts a floating point number or a string in an integer.
>>> a=int(10.5)
>>> b=int("100")
You can represent an integer as a binary, octal or Hexa-decimal number. However, internally the object is stored as an integer.
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
﻿
Binary Numbers in Python
A number consisting of only the binary digits (1 and 0) and prefixed with 0b is a binary number. If you assign a binary number to a variable, it still is an int variable.
A represent an integer in binary form, store it directly as a literal, or use int() function, in which the base is set to 2
a=0b101
print ("a:",a, "type:",type(a))
﻿
b=int("0b101011", 2)
print ("b:",b, "type:",type(b))
It will produce the following output
a: 5 type: <class 'int'>
b: 43 type: <class 'int'>
There is also a bin() function in Python. It returns a binary string equivalent of an integer.
a=43
b=bin(a)
print ("Integer:",a, "Binary equivalent:",b)
It will produce the following output
Integer: 43 Binary equivalent: 0b101011
Octal Numbers in Python
An octal number is made up of digits 0 to 7 only. In order to specify that the integer uses octal notation, it needs to be prefixed by 0o (lowercase O) or 0O (uppercase O). A literal representation of octal number is as follows
a=0O107
print (a, type(a))
It will produce the following output
71 <class 'int'>
Note that the object is internally stored as integer. Decimal equivalent of octal number 107 is 71.
Since octal number system has 8 symbols (0 to 7), its base is 7. Hence, while using int() function to covert an octal string to integer, you need to set the base argument to 8.
a=int('20',8)
print (a, type(a))
It will produce the following output
16 <class 'int'>
Decimal equivalent of octal 30 is 16.
In the following code, two int objects are obtained from octal notations and their addition is performed.
a=0O56
print ("a:",a, "type:",type(a))
﻿
b=int("0O31",8)
print ("b:",b, "type:",type(b))
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c=a+b
print ("addition:", c)
It will produce the following output
a: 46 type: <class 'int'>
b: 25 type: <class 'int'>
addition: 71
To obtain the octal string for an integer, use oct() function.
a=oct(71)
print (a, type(a))
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
﻿
Hexa-decimal Numbers in Python
As the name suggests, there are 16 symbols in the Hexadecimal number system. They are 0-9 and A to F. The first 10 digits are same as decimal digits. The alphabets A, B, C, D, E and F are equivalents of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 respectively. Upper or lower cases may be used for these letter symbols.
For the literal representation of an integer in Hexadecimal notation, prefix it by 0x or 0X.
a=0XA2
print (a, type(a))
It will produce the following output
162 <class 'int'>
To convert a Hexadecimal string to integer, set the base to 16 in the int() function.
a=int('0X1e', 16)
print (a, type(a))
Try out the following code snippet. It takes a Hexadecimal string, and returns the integer.
num_string = "A1"
number = int(num_string, 16)
print ("Hexadecimal:", num_string, "Integer:",number)
It will produce the following output
Hexadecimal: A1 Integer: 161
However, if the string contains any symbol apart from the Hexadecimal symbol chart (for example X001), it raises following error
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Python311\var1.py", line 4, in <module>
    number = int(num_string, 16)
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 16: 'X001'
Python's standard library has hex() function, with which you can obtain a hexadecimal equivalent of an integer.
a=hex(161)
print (a, type(a))
It will produce the following output
0xa1 <class 'str'>
Though an integer can be represented as binary or octal or hexadecimal, internally it is still integer. So, when performing arithmetic operation, the representation doesn't matter.
a=10 #decimal
b=0b10 #binary
c=0O10 #octal
d=0XA #Hexadecimal
e=a+b+c+d
﻿
print ("addition:", e)
It will produce the following output
addition: 30
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
﻿
Python − Floating Point Numbers
A floating point number has an integer part and a fractional part, separated by a decimal point symbol (.). By default, the number is positive, prefix a dash (-) symbol for a negative number.
A floating point number is an object of Python's float class. To store a float object, you may use a literal notation, use the value of an arithmetic expression, or use the return value of float() function.
Using literal is the most direct way. Just assign a number with fractional part to a variable. Each of the following statements declares a float object.
>>> a=9.99
>>> b=0.999
>>> c=-9.99
>>> d=-0.999
In Python, there is no restriction on how many digits after the decimal point can a floating point number have. However, to shorten the representation, the E or e symbol is used. E stands for Ten raised to. For example, E4 is 10 raised to 4 (or 4th power of 10), e-3 is 10 raised to -3.
In scientific notation, number has a coefficient and exponent part. The coefficient should be a float greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10. Hence, 1.23E+3, 9.9E-5, and 1E10 are the examples of floats with scientific notation.
>>> a=1E10
>>> a
10000000000.0
>>> b=9.90E-5
>>> b
9.9e-05
>>> 1.23E3
1230.0
The second approach of forming a float object is indirect, using the result of an expression. Here, the quotient of two floats is assigned to a variable, which refers to a float object.
a=10.33
b=2.66
c=a/b
﻿
print ("c:", c, "type", type(c))
It will produce the following output
c: 3.8834586466165413 type <class 'float'>
Python's float() function returns a float object, parsing a number or a string if it has the appropriate contents. If no arguments are given in the parenthesis, it returns 0.0, and for an int argument, fractional part with 0 is added.
>>> a=float()
>>> a
0.0
>>> a=float(10)
>>> a
10.0
Even if the integer is expressed in binary, octal or hexadecimal, the float() function returns a float with fractional part as 0.
a=float(0b10)
b=float(0O10)
c=float(0xA)
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print (a,b,c, sep=",")
It will produce the following output
2.0,8.0,10.0
The float() function retrieves a floating point number out of a string that encloses a float, either in standard decimal point format, or having scientific notation.
a=float("-123.54")
b=float("1.23E04")
print ("a=",a,"b=",b)
It will produce the following output
a= -123.54 b= 12300.0
In mathematics, infinity is an abstract concept. Physically, infinitely large number can never be stored in any amount of memory. For most of the computer hardware configurations, however, a very large number with 400th power of 10 is represented by Inf. If you use "Infinity" as argument for float() function, it returns Inf.
a=1.00E400
print (a, type(a))
a=float("Infinity")
print (a, type(a))
It will produce the following output
inf <class 'float'>
inf <class 'float'>
One more such entity is Nan (stands for Not a Number). It represents any value that is undefined or not representable.
>>> a=float('Nan')
>>> a
Nan
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
﻿
Python − Complex Numbers
In this section, we shall know in detail about Complex data type in Python. Complex numbers find their applications in mathematical equations and laws in electromagnetism, electronics, optics, and quantum theory. Fourier transforms use complex numbers. They are Used in calculations with wavefunctions, designing filters, signal integrity in digital electronics, radio astronomy, etc.
A complex number consists of a real part and an imaginary part, separated by either "+" or "−". The real part can be any floating point (or itself a complex number) number. The imaginary part is also a float/complex, but multiplied by an imaginary number.
In mathematics, an imaginary number "i" is defined as the square root of -1 (√−1). Therefore, a complex number is represented as "x+yi", where x is the real part, and "y" is the coefficient of imaginary part.
Quite often, the symbol "j" is used instead of "I" for the imaginary number, to avoid confusion with its usage as current in theory of electricity. Python also uses "j" as the imaginary number. Hence, "x+yj" is the representation of complex number in Python.
Like int or float data type, a complex object can be formed with literal representation or using complex() function. All the following statements form a complex object.
>>> a=5+6j
>>> a
(5+6j)
>>> type(a)
<class 'complex'>
>>> a=2.25-1.2J
>>> a
(2.25-1.2j)
>>> type(a)
<class 'complex'>
>>> a=1.01E-2+2.2e3j
>>> a
(0.0101+2200j)
>>> type(a)
<class 'complex'>
Note that the real part as well as the coefficient of imaginary part have to be floats, and they may be expressed in standard decimal point notation or scientific notation.
Python's complex() function helps in forming an object of complex type. The function receives arguments for real and imaginary part, and returns the complex number.
There are two versions of complex() function, with two arguments and with one argument. Use of complex() with two arguments is straightforward. It uses first argument as real part and second as coefficient of imaginary part.
a=complex(5.3,6)
b=complex(1.01E-2, 2.2E3)
print ("a:", a, "type:", type(a))
print ("b:", b, "type:", type(b))
It will produce the following output
a: (5.3+6j) type: <class 'complex'>
b: (0.0101+2200j) type: <class 'complex'>
In the above example, we have used x and y as float parameters. They can even be of complex data type.
a=complex(1+2j, 2-3j)
print (a, type(a))
It will produce the following output
(4+4j) <class 'complex'>
Surprised by the above example? Put "x" as 1+2j and "y" as 2-3j. Try to perform manual computation of "x+yj" and you'll come to know.
complex(1+2j, 2-3j)
=(1+2j)+(2-3j)*j
=1+2j +2j+3
=4+4j
If you use only one numeric argument for complex() function, it treats it as the value of real part; and imaginary part is set to 0.
a=complex(5.3)
print ("a:", a, "type:", type(a))
It will produce the following output
a: (5.3+0j) type: <class 'complex'>
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The complex() function can also parse a string into a complex number if its only argument is a string having complex number representation.
In the following snippet, user is asked to input a complex number. It is used as argument. Since Python reads the input as a string, the function extracts the complex object from it.
a= "5.5+2.3j"
b=complex(a)
print ("Complex number:", b)
It will produce the following output
Complex number: (5.5+2.3j)
Python's built-in complex class has two attributes real and imag − they return the real and coefficient of imaginary part from the object.
a=5+6j
print ("Real part:", a.real, "Coefficient of Imaginary part:", a.imag)
It will produce the following output
Real part: 5.0 Coefficient of Imaginary part: 6.0
The complex class also defines a conjugate() method. It returns another complex number with the sign of imaginary component reversed. For example, conjugate of x+yj is x-yj.
>>> a=5-2.2j
>>> a.conjugate()
(5+2.2j)
Practice with Online Editor
Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.
﻿

 

Python Basics

Python Control Statement

Python Functions & Modules

Python Strings

Python Lists

Python Tuples

Python Sets

Python Dictionaries

Python Arrays

Python File Handling

Object Oriented Programming

Python Tutorial

Numbers

Python - Number Types

Python − Integer Numbers

Binary Numbers in Python

Practice with Online Editor

Octal Numbers in Python

Hexa-decimal Numbers in Python

Practice with Online Editor

Python − Floating Point Numbers

Python - Number Types

Python − Integer Numbers

Practice with Online Editor

Binary Numbers in Python

Octal Numbers in Python

Practice with Online Editor

Hexa-decimal Numbers in Python

Practice with Online Editor

Python − Floating Point Numbers

Practice with Online Editor

Python − Complex Numbers

Practice with Online Editor