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      Inner Classes

      Python Tutorial

      This Python tutorial has been written for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts of Python Programming Language. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a great level of expertise in Python, from where you can take yourself to the next levels to become a world class Software Engineer.

      Inner Classes

      A class defined inside another class is known as an inner class in Python. Sometimes inner class is also called nested class. If the inner class is instantiated, the object of inner class can also be used by the parent class. Object of inner class becomes one of the attributes of the outer class. Inner class automatically inherits the attributes of the outer class without formally establishing inheritance.

      Syntax

      class outer:
         def __init__(self):
            pass
         class inner:
            def __init__(self):
               pass
      An inner class lets you group classes. One of the advantages of nesting classes is that it becomes easy to understand which classes are related. The inner class has a local scope. It acts as one of the attributes of the outer class.

      Example

      In the following code, we have student as the outer class and subjects as the inner class. The __init__() constructor of student initializes name attribute and an instance of subjects class. On the other hand, the constructor of inner subjects class initializes two instance variables sub1, sub2.
      A show() method of outer class calls the method of inner class with the object that has been instantiated.
      class student:
         def __init__(self):
            self.name = "Ashish"
            self.subs = self.subjects()
            return
         def show(self):
            print ("Name:", self.name)
            self.subs.display()
         class subjects:
            def __init__(self):
               self.sub1 = "Phy"
               self.sub2 = "Che"
               return
            def display(self):
               print ("Subjects:",self.sub1, self.sub2)
               
      s1 = student()
      s1.show()
      When you execute this code, it will produce the following output
      Name: Ashish
      Subjects: Phy Che
      It is quite possible to declare an object of outer class independently, and make it call its own display() method.
      sub = student().subjects().display()
      It will list out the subjects.

      Practice with Online Editor

      Note: This Python online Editor is a Python interpreter written in Rust, RustPython may not fully support all Python standard libraries and third-party libraries yet.
      Remember to save code(Ctrl + S Or Command + S) before run it.